Natural Deaths to Infants Excluding SIDS

Fact Sheet

There were 23,094 natural deaths of children under the age of one in the United States in 2000, excluding SIDS. More than two-thirds of these babies die within the first 28 days of life. Most of these babies are born prematurely (before 37 weeks gestation) and/or are born with a low birth-weight (under five pounds). Prematurity and low birth weight are the greatest predictors of infant mortality.

While vast improvements have been made in treating premature infants, preventing pre-term low birth weight babies is still a great challenge. The rate of pre-term birth has increased 17% in the U.S. since the 1980’s, and the rate of low birth weight has risen 10%. For reasons not fully understood, these problems take a disproportionate toll on black Americans. Nationally, black mothers are twice as likely to give birth pre-term as white mothers.

There are still many gaps in our understanding of why some women go into labor well ahead of schedule. It is believed that cigarette smoking, disorders that raise blood pressure, prior pre-term birth and certain pregnancy complications increase the risk of prematurity. Other significant risks include genital tract infections, stress, anxiety, depression and other psychological factors. Adequate prenatal care is an effective intervention that improves pregnancy outcomes. Early access to quality pre-natal care, including health promotion, risk assessment and appropriate interventions can prevent both pre-term births and ensure that babies are born at normal birth weights.

• Major Risk Factors
• Prior pre-term delivery.
• Previous infant or fetal loss.
• Adequacy of prenatal care (early entry, missed appointments).
• Medical conditions of the mother.
• Maternal age (under 20, over 35)
• Infections, including sexually transmitted
• Hypertension
• Diabetes
• Poor nutritional status
• Obesity
• Short inter-pregnancy interval
• Poverty.
• Substance, alcohol and tobacco use.
• Stressors and lack of social support.
• Less than 12th grade education.
• Unintended unplanned pregnancy.
• Unmarried or lack of male involvement in pregnancy.
• Physical and emotional abuse of mother.

Records Needed for Case Review

• Birth records
• Pediatric records for well and sick visits
• Death certificates
• Prenatal care records
• Hospital birth records
• Emergency Department records
• Any support services utilized, including WIC and Family Planning
• Police reports
• Prior CPS reports on caregivers
• Maternal Home Interview, if available

Resources

• Advocating for Folic Acid: A Guide for Professionals
• International Society for the Study and Prevention of Infant Deaths
• March of Dimes
• National Fetal and Infant Mortality Review Program
• Tips on Reviewing Perinatal and Neonatal Deaths: Powerpoint Presentation

Prevention

• Ensure that all women have available preconception care and counseling and prenatal care that is acceptable, accessible, appropriate and available.
• Ensure that all women have postpartum care options available that include contraception, pregnancy planning, and preconception care.
• Improve local provider knowledge of pre-conception health care issues.
• Improve emergency response and transport systems.
• Foster maternal and infant support services to improve the social/psychological environment for women and families at risk.
• Encourage the comprehensive assessment of risks due to sexually transmitted infection, substance abuse including alcohol, smoking, domestic violence, depression, social support, housing, employment, transportation, etc. by all local providers and perhaps as a local hospital delivery policy.
• Develop and distribute community resource directories to make consumers and providers aware of where to go for help and services.
• Provide mentoring, support, outreach, and advocacy at the community level utilizing paraprofessionals, indigenous health workers, and faith-based initiatives.
• Develop systems to provide transportation and childcare to women seeking prenatal care.
• Coordination of care between programs and parts of the health care system.
• Forums to raise awareness of consumers, providers, and policy makers of infant mortality issues.
• Local community/business/health care partnerships to broaden the number of stakeholders.
• Enhanced community education to include unplanned/unwanted pregnancy prevention, including teen pregnancy prevention services and early detection of signs and symptoms of pre-term labor.

Resource: National Center for Child Death Review Policy and Practice
c/o Michigan Public Health Institute, Keeping Kids Alive, Fact Sheet, 2009, http://www.childdeathreview.org/causesNNS.htm

Overlay (Suffocation)

Child deaths due to suffocation result when the child is in a place or position where he or she is unable to breathe. In 2000, there were 1,580 suffocations, including 842 unintentional deaths, 568 suicides, 107 homicides and 63 deaths of undetermined manner in the United States.

Most of the unintentional suffocations are caused by:

• Overlay: a person who is sleeping with a child rolls onto the child and unintentionally smothers the child.
• Positional asphyxia: a child’s face becomes trapped in soft bedding or wedged in a small space such as between a mattress and a wall or between couch cushions.
• Covering of face or chest: an object covers a child’s face or compresses the chest, such as plastic bags, heavy blankets or furniture.
• Choking: a child chokes on an object such as a piece of food or small toy.
• Confinement: a child is trapped in an airtight place such as an unused refrigerator or toy chest.
• Strangulation: a rope, cords, hands or other objects strangle a child.

The majority of these suffocations happen to infants while they are in unsafe sleeping environments. These infants suffocate when another person lays over them or when they smother in bedding or furniture. This is the fourth leading type of accidental death for all children, following motor vehicle crashes, fires and drowning. Infants who suffocate often have no clinical findings at autopsy. It is only through a comprehensive scene investigation that unintentional suffocation can be distinguished from SIDS or intentional suffocations (homicides). Yet, even with complete investigations, a large number of suffocation deaths are still reported as manner undetermined, further highlighting the difficulty investigators have in determining how the infants died.

Overlay deaths are most often caused when an infant sleeps with adults or older siblings (bed-sharing). Bedding deaths occur when infants sleep with too much bedding or when they sleep in beds other than cribs. They suffocate because the bedding is usually too bulky or soft for infants. Hazardous sleeping surfaces include waterbeds, couches, large pillows, or soft or heavy comforters.

Researchers from the CPSC and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development are now reporting that infants sleeping in adult beds are 20 times more likely to suffocate than infants who sleep alone in cribs. Some proponents of bed- sharing argue that it promotes breastfeeding. However, researchers have shown that many of the benefits received from bed-sharing can be derived from the practice of having the infant sleep on a separate, firm surface, but in the same room with the mother. The majority of infants suffocate when another person lays over them or when they smother in bedding or furniture. For choking and strangulation deaths, toddlers and preschoolers are at highest risk. Because they are active, they be-come entangled in cords and gain access to small objects. Food and uninflated balloons remain the number one and two choking hazards, again usually for toddlers. Product safety improvements including rigorous scrutiny and recalls by the CPSC on toys with choking hazards, removal of draws rings from children’s clothing and safety cord hangers for window blinds have reduced the number of these types of suffocations in recent years.

Major Risk Factors

• Infants sharing sleep surfaces with other persons.
• Unsafe infant bedding: may include couches, waterbeds, poor-fitting crib mattresses, infant beds filled with clutter, heavy or numerous blankets and soft mattresses.
• Easy access by infants and toddlers to small objects, balloons and toys with small parts.
• Easy access by infants and toddlers to cords and ropes.
• Toy chests without safety latches and heavy furniture not secured to floors or walls.
• Place where child was sleeping or playing.
• Position of child when found.
• Type of bedding, blankets and other objects near child.
• Faulty design of cribs, beds or other hazards.
• Number of and ages of persons sleeping with child.
• Obesity, fatigue, or drug or alcohol use by persons supervising or sleeping with child.
• Quality of supervision at time of death.
• Child’s ability to gain access to objects causing choking or confinement.
• If hanging, child’s developmental age consistent with activity causing strangulation.
• Family’s ability to provide safe sleep or play environment for child.
• Prior child deaths or repeated reports of apnea episodes by caregiver.
• Records Needed for Case Review
• Autopsy reports
• Scene investigation reports and photos
• Interviews with family members
• Day Care Licensing investigative reports, if occurred in day care setting
• EMS run reports
• Emergency Department reports
• Prior CPS history on child, caregivers and person supervising child at time of death
• Child’s health history
• Criminal background checks on person supervising child at time of death
• Reports of home visits from public health or other services
• Any information on prior deaths of children in family
• Any information on prior reports that child had difficulty breathing
• Downloaded information from apnea monitors

Resources

• The National SIDS Resource Center
• The American Academy of Pediatrics
• Consumer Product Safety Commission

Prevention

• Education at childbirth classes and in hospitals to expectant and new parents on safe infant sleep environments.
• In-hospital assessments by nurses with parents to assess babies’ sleep environments.
• Culturally competent public education campaigns and coordination with the “Back to Sleep” campaign.
• Crib distribution programs for needy families.
• Education to professionals on risks of infant suffocation.
• Notification to CPSC and continued product safety recalls on choking and strangulation hazards.
• Licensing requirements for daycare providers on safe sleep environments and infant sleep positions.

Resource:

National Center for Child Death Review Policy and Practice
c/o Michigan Public Health Institute, Keeping Kids Alive, Fact Sheet, 2009, http://www.childdeathreview.org/causesSUF.htm